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The first round of voting in Ukraine is over. The preliminary results of Viktor Yanukovych, seen at about 10% lead over his rival, Yulia Tymoshenko. The nationalist President Yushchenko, once celebrated by the Western media as a shining hero ends up far behind in sixth with about 5% of the vote.

is also the outcome of the current choice for the Western media is a rather awkward affair. As hard as it can be its own public to explain how the ideologically-reporting of the past was wrong, that every highly stylized to heroic Democrats hinted the Russopobie left.

The five years in power, took advantage of the incompetent man also help to turn the prayer wheels nationalist, rather than tackling the real problems of the country. While the rapid economic growth, at its option of 12% fell under Yanukovych, Yushchenko took care only about the posthumous awarding of medals on heroes main SS men such as Roman Schuchewytsch or the propagandistic exploitation of the Stalinist famine of 1933 against Russia today. Among the other favorite activities included the excitation of gas conflict with Russia and the tug of a country into NATO, according to polls is up to 80% against. By missile launchers sold by Yushchenko launched his great friend Saakashvili to attack the sleeping civilians of South Ossetia. The very most of the time, however, Yushchenko spent the duration of the dispute over the power with his former partner, Revolution, which he insulted the end of his term in office even as Penn Erin or death with braid.

Meanwhile, absolutely nothing happened, what the ideological pillars of the former Orange Revolution would have to agree to do the final defendant. This refers to mythical legends, like the so-called poisoning of Yushchenko, the "massive Russian intervention" and the alleged election fraud. Although the president to five years in power had all the possibilities, neither one was nor the other investigated or proven. The only legitimacy for the five years to Yushchenko in power remains an opaque decision of a court to which Yushchenko shortly after the parliamentary elections did not trust anymore.

At the end of his presidency, the hero of the West in front of the ruins of his policy. He set the way for a global anti-historical record, for never have succeeded a sitting president to sag at 5% confidence. A receipt for incompetence and disregard the real problems of a country that is in free fall. Recently, the population of Ukraine as a result fell short of horrendous Mortality and emigration, the 46 million mark. The disintegration of the USSR, there were 52 million. An unprecedented depopulation, while the powers that be prefer it to focus on the history. GDP per capita in Ukraine is less than half of Russian and about 70% of Belarus. The incomes of the population are at a frightening level.

a receipt but also for anti-Russian policy. Also, it dawns on the West, Yushchenko did not fall as a result of Russian interference, but the real choice of the Ukrainian people was. Only now comes the realization that the people of Ukraine joining NATO does not really want and the polls which show that 80% of Ukrainians speak out for good relationship with Russia, have a non-negligible background. Generally, the observation of events in Ukraine in the Western media a melancholy struggle between wishful thinking and reality. In Warsaw, London, Washington, many would be happy to see the continuation of the anti-Russian policy Yushchenko. The comments acknowledge errors that can not be denied. Foolish to the revolutionaries had gone to the point, you should have done more cautious and clever. The errors are given in tactics, but not in strategy. Warsaw 2004 while still clamoring for the immediate admission of Ukraine into NATO and EU urged to recognize now the lack of opportunities of such a radical nature, the goals can not really noticed. Shall send one now address the question: how can we maintain with the loss of Yushchenko's still anti-Russian Ukraine?

Who wants to conquer the two candidates, the president must secure the votes of the "kingmaker" Sergei Tigipko, who has come to a profit of 13%. The chances of the demonized Viktor Yanukovych, however, are slightly better. The West is faced with a self-made dilemma: he will probably have to do a man need, he styled himself rashly to the suspensions.

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Terra Preta - solving the climate problem? - Part 10



As we reported at the beginning of our series of articles, the terra preta is taken from the Amazon rain forest. There the Indians had already begun several thousand years ago, the forest soil to enrich specifically with charcoal and other materials, thus achieving an enormous increase in soil fertility.

This jungle is now, however, threatened by the destruction and will require significant Efforts to protect him from. For in addition to the heritage of terra preta of the rain forest is very important for the climate of our planet: experts call him as a "green lung" of the earth.

, the destruction of the rain forest on a large scale in front of him, every minute is being cleared forest of the area of two football fields, partly to arable land for local people to create, for the most part but for arable and pasture land, which the meat production for export . serve Another impact is the production of tropical timber, also for export. So we are consumers in developed countries not entirely innocent of this development. With the many kinds of forest plant and animal species will be lost forever.


Figure: After the destruction of the forest is removed, the soil erosion and swept away.

If you know that a number of precursors for drugs derived from such plants and most probably many drugs are so far undiscovered, should be a personal interest in the preservation of the rainforest have.

For some years there are organizations that collect donations to buy then rain forest to him specifically brought under protection. Now it is for various reasons not everyone's cup of tea, money regularly for superfluous to such purposes. Yet recently, there is the possibility, even without its own financial cost a significant contribution to the protection of the rainforest to make.

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has launched namely with the Internet search engine Yahoo and Bing a new search engine to life, the profits to 80% for the protection of the rainforest can be used. Another advantage of the search engine is that the current that is needed for operating the server, eco-current, is therefore largely CO2-free produce.

The name of this new search engine is www.ecosia.de . On the relevant internet pages you will find many other information so that we this point without it, display, many more details. It should be mentioned

still that Ecosia not like some other search engines creates user profiles, and sells personal data for marketing purposes on. Whoever places great importance on the protection of personal data in this search engine, well served.

Everyone who deals with the Internet can therefore make its own valuable contribution to the protection of the rainforest. Commercial vendors pay namely that their websites get in a good search engine placement. Sponsored links will also appear in advertisements, which are also subject to charges. The man replies, search engine revenue go for the larger of them in the billions.

What could be more than a part of such revenues be used specifically for the protection of the rain forest? The money goes into a project of the WWF in Juruena National Park in the Amazon. For gerademal 5 € / $ 7.50 where you can protect a whole acres of rain forest. Per query thus almost 2 inches of rain forest are protected. Who wants

can embed the search engine in its Web browser. Then appears in the footer of each, how many square feet of rainforest have been protected by his personal activities so far and how many square feet could be protected by the activity of all users so far. Currently there are about 1 million square meters per day. It would be nice if we could help this article also mean that it will soon be considerably more.

questions and suggestions will be answered under our email address terrapreta@web.de

group Terra preta in the group of energy and environment

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Terra Preta - solving the climate problem? - Part 9

In our previous articles, we have naturally assumed that the relationship between carbon dioxide dioxide (CO2) of the atmosphere and climate is generally known and accepted.

But the public discussion in recent weeks has shown us that not the necessarily the case. Therefore, some more information on the subject, something to bring more light into the darkness:

Since the mid-19th Century is well known that there are individual gases absorb heat radiation (absorption) and heat up in this way. But these are not the main components of air, ie nitrogen and oxygen, special gases, which occur more in small Mengenin the air, namely carbon dioxide and water vapor. The fraction of water vapor be up to 4% in air, while carbon dioxide makes up just 0.04% today, which is only about 1 / 100 of the water vapor content. Just these two gases cause up to 98% of the so-called greenhouse effect, are therefore for the current climate - and even the future! - The earth responsible. (Steam heat balance determines to 36 - 72%, carbon dioxide to 9 - 26%).

For physical calculations and experiments, it is apparent that our Earth's atmosphere have only one without greenhouse gases Durchschnittsgtemperatur of about -18 ° C would, or about 33 ° C would be colder than it is to GHG today.

Thus, there is almost sellbst that air cover would have a higher share of total greenhouse gases, a warmer atmosphere result. It should be noted but that the water vapor content of air strongly on the ambient temperature dependent, while the CO2 content can take almost any high values. The latter is therefore the more important of the two greenhouse gases.

We humans have succeeded during the last 200 years, the natural CO2 in the air of about 0.028% (280 ppm) to a current 0.039% increase (390 ppm). Although the values for the layman still appear very low, this is already an increase of almost 40%!

But the growth continues, and without effort we will get in this century a doubling compared to the natural value of the last millennia.

one should know precisely that the CO2 content in the recent Past several thousand years ago was relatively stable and only in the range of a few dozen ppm fluctuated, while we human beings through our intervention, namely from the combustion of coal, oil and gas and forest clearance and expansion of arable land have exalted him ppm already at over 100.

What impact would that have on the Earth system, is about 20 years intensively studied by climate scientists. Although there are still some uncertainties is already certain that the adverse consequences of unrestrained CO2 increase in the potential benefits far outweigh would.

Because our world is today in many places already densely populated with people, and hardly any alternative sites exist, could have smaller impacts of climate change, or rather, global warming is leading to population movements that provide the migrations of the historical past in the shade. To cite only one possible result: a sea level rise of well over a meter in this century is possible if we continue unhindered, to pump CO2 into the Atmosphäe.

What would mean only one meter of additional sea level, one can imagine with a little imagination and little knowledge of geography easily yourself.

But already, that which is now in the atmosphere is already too much and will in all probability determined by the climate changes in the next two to three decades. Because the climate system is sluggish due to the large surface of the oceans and reacted with a corresponding delay to changes in atmospheric composition.

why it makes sense to consider whether it is possible to remove a portion of the CO2 discharged again from the atmosphere, it is also equally important to drive further emissions from fossil fuels back. About The latter is currently negotiating in Copenhagen.

with technical means but it will always be very difficult to get significant amounts of CO2 from the air. Just the Energy expenditure for it would be huge. A cubic meter of air contains just under half a gram of CO2. One would have more than two million cubic meters of air "filter" to extract even one tonne of CO2.

We humans emit now but every year more than 30 billion tons of CO2 (see picture)! So no chance to solve the problem technically. But it would be possible to transfer the plants that work, because doing for several hundred million years the same thing: they see the air get CO2, carbon, and it build it into their biomass. Harvesting the plants could be one win from the carbon and on the same field the next generation of plants to obtain further coal use. And again and again!



As we have previously reported, is the so-derived biochar but also raw material for the terra preta, which is next to the carbon storage also one of the best plant fertilizer! This would be treading so actually a promising way to solve the climate problem.


questions and suggestions will be answered under our email address terrapreta@web.de

group Terra preta in the group of energy and environment

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Terra Preta - solving the climate problem? - Part 8

In the previous edition of the oak-chestnut-leaf Linden was the method of hydrothermal Carbonation shown. This process could occur in particular for the production of Terra Preta on an industrial scale for the course.

addition to the targeted production of Terra Preta, however, also reveals a further, vast area of application in the use of special ovens for cooking in developing countries. In the present article is based on the problem, in which there are people in developing countries today, one will be presented at this issue of appropriate furnace.

need in poor, rural areas of Africa, millions of people struggle daily for survival. They are without access to clean running water and electricity. Since other fuels are not affordable, people use this wood, other plant material, and even dung to cook their food. The fires, which are used here correspond in any way the requirements for a healthy lifestyle. Often people cook on open fires in their homes. The smoke from these fires contains many simple health damaging substances that are inhaled by humans then.

why they suffer from chronic bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer or tuberculosis, leading to a reduced Lebenserwartng. Even at night, set the fires a deadly danger dar. Since the simple houses of the African population are often only one door and a gap under the roof as smoke, but have no windows, the gases collect in the room. If the residents at night at the still-warm fireplace for sleeping place, often spreading the deadly gas carbon monoxide, and people die of Kohlenmonooxidvergiftung.

die every year some 3 million children under 5 years Atemwegserkrangungen because their lungs to toxic gases may oppose the least. The toxic gases are malnutrition, disease transmission through unprotected sexual intercourse and contaminated water, the fourth largest health risk in developing countries. There

But the possibilities, the to avoid deadly smoke?

engineers in Western countries and the developing change themselves have addressed this problem and there are now many designs of ovens, which are to get at this problem and appropriate dissemination also can. Such a furnace, the Anila Stove, we have presented in this series already. The Anila Stove can also create Bioholzkohle during operation, which can then be used for the production of Terra Preta

Another example of such an oven is the "Lucia Stove". It is more complex in design, because he has turned parts and is therefore its production a suitable machinery advance. For larger quantities may be limited, the price for a furnace to about 35 €. When suitable funding calls into being, or perhaps an action that results from the Copenhagen climate change conference, so this oven in larger numbers are used.

But what is special about this stove? The Stove
Lucia consists of only a few parts. The construction of this furnace is shown in the photos shown.


components of the "Lucia Stoves" www.world-stove.de



The "Lucia Stove" www.world-stove.de
The
in the combustion of organic material such as wood, waste energy that is used by the metal walls very well. The furnace reached its high internal temperatures. In experiments, one liter of water was brought within less than a minute to cook. The high temperatures are also with the normal combustion gases produced burnt and can no longer threaten the health of the residents.

Besides the health aspect of Lucia Stove offers a view on climate change a big advantage. Not only that, the lighting material timber by the natural carbon cycle is CO2 neutral, ... it is even CO2 negative. Why?

The wood has during its growth CO2 from the atmosphere and store the carbon in their structures. Normally, this carbon again after the death of the plant are used as a CO2 into the atmosphere because the plant material is decomposed gradually from microorganisms and microbes. Even in conventional fireplaces and stoves virtually all of the carbon of the fuel is converted to CO2.

The Lucia Stove works but for a somewhat different principle. He uses namely the pyrolysis process to degas to the wood. By the two-walled structure can provide you the actual fuel with so-called primary air, the oxygen content is sufficient to the material to carbonize. The smoldering climb inside and then at the upper end of the furnace supplied by secondary air entry through the curved channels (see Figure), burned completely. The result is a nearly smokeless flame. The outgassed wood or plant material remains as Bioholzkohle in the oven. This could be distributed for the production of Terra Preta on the ground and allow the residents a high-yield cropland management. According to recent studies of growing food on Terra Preta works great even in desert regions. The Terra Preta shines especially in those regions due to their high water retention capacity.

summary There are three major advantages that speak for using Lucia Stove stoves in developing countries point out:
The smoke and the emission of harmful gases
minimizes the atmosphere, CO2 is in the form of Bioholzkohle withdrawn
The possibility of a fruitful harvest on Terra Preta to provide the residents with a greatly improved nutrition and new income opportunities


interested still a construction plan to the furnace "Anila Stove" (very similar to the "Lucia Stove 'by e-mail request from us for free.

to questions and suggestions we answer disposal on our

E-mail address: terrapreta@web.de

AG Energy and Environment working group Terra preta

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Terra Preta - solving the climate problem? Part 7

The hydrothermal carbonization


Having in previous issues of the oak-chestnut-leaf Linden already different have presented opportunities for the production of biochar (charcoal as renewable plants) is, in today's issue of the method of hydrothermal carbonization are presented.

you all know lignite. Lignite is one of the most effective air fuel at all. In the production of 1 kW / h of electricity occur incredible 1153 grams of CO2. This means that if a manufactured exclusively from brown coal average annual power consumption of a 4-member family of 4500 kwh / year CO2 emissions of about 5.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide.

But what is causing this high CO2 emissions from the lignite?
brown coal is the result of the so-called natural carbonation. This is for several million years of biomass to lignite was converted. Since the biomass removed during plant growth the carbon of the atmosphere, this is now stored as a result of the conversion of brown coal in it. If the brown coal burned, the carbon combines with oxygen in the air to escape as CO2 and climate-efficient gas into the atmosphere.

seems to burn brown coal So strongly negative impact on our climate. But what about when no carbon from brown coal burns, it converts from biomass through chemical processes in coal and escapes in this way the atmosphere the carbon?

This question is the research of Terra Preta, Biochar especially after. As was discussed in previous articles several times on the properties of Terra Preta and Biochar is to be avoided at this point to repeat it again. wish to continue

with the question of how the so-called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) expires. The HTC mimics the natural carbonation.

The crucial difference between the natural and the artificial methods is the time factor. While the natural carbonation takes several million years, which HTC is complete after a few hours.
The natural process of dehydration (dehydration) and, consequently, the new arrangement of the molecules is accelerated by a high pressure of up to 2 MPa and temperatures of about 180 ° Celsius.

The great advantage of HTC over other methods of Biocharherstellung is the high carbon yield of almost 100%. Also related to the heating value of dry mass energy balance is to be about 40% acceptable, ie, 40% of the information contained in the dry mass energy at the Release process, the rest remains in the formed coal.

are currently testing procedure in which attempts are sent through litigation, is the production of biochar in an unbroken, to run the self-sustaining reaction, so that no external energy must be added out.
A breakthrough in this area would bring a breakthrough in the entire area of the Terra Preta with it. Because: In a self-sustaining reaction to produce carbon biochar could constantly be withdrawn and be given significant contribution to maintaining the 2 ° limit on global warming without an additional expenditure of energy in the atmosphere. Interested

can still submit a plan of the furnace "Anila Stove" from the previous edition by email request from us.

to questions and suggestions, we like to answer under our

e-mail address: terrapreta@web.de

AG Energy and Environment working group Terra Preta

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Terra preta - solving the climate problem? Part 6

In the last episode we discussed the problem of whether the cultivation of energy crops in competition with the production of food crops occurs. This must be affirmed in part, be obtained so long in the vegetable oils and starch, which are then processed into ethanol or biofuel or biodiesel on.

producing plants but also large amounts of cellulose, the formation the plant stand is used. Cellulose can be disrupted by a few organisms and digested, so that here there is no competition with food crops. The production potential is huge and is with up to 5 times the current petroleum consumption.

The problem lies in the fact that cellulose according to chemically prepare, so you can gain energy from it which are preferably in liquid form. For this, the cellulose, which forms long chains of molecules are converted into smaller fragments and then converted specifically to oil or gasoline-like compounds. There are various ways to decompose the plant parts by heat (pyrolysis).

at temperatures up to 200 degrees can be broken down the cellulose in the basic molecule of sugar and then fermented in a conventional manner to produce bioethanol. Between 400 and 600 degrees can be a bio-oil production, which can then be further processed to gasoline or diesel. Above 700 degrees, finally obtained a gas mixture consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide five, can be produced from the so-called Fischer-Tropsch synthesis specifically turn liquid fuels (and many other compounds).


Figure: The bio-oil from biomass are

Largest disadvantage of the latter action the high cost of the synthesis process. Therefore, in the days of cheap oil also made relatively little effort to go that way. This changes the time. As expected low oil prices finally a thing of the past, this process is moving back more to the center of attention. is promoted by the development

progress in industrial chemistry. Today, thanks to a much better understanding of the structure of matter and modern computer technology equal better ways to improve such processes also from a cost point significantly.

The direct production of bio-oil from solid plant material is now the cheapest way to get liquid fuels. However, the substances thus produced without chemical processing forthe use in internal combustion engines are less suitable because they are acidic and therefore lead to severe corrosion in the engines. Therefore, such oil can be processed like petroleum refineries accordingly, which in turn leads to higher costs.

However, there are promising approaches to simplify also the steps by using modern techniques. It will be followed completely new WdeG, for example digestion of plant material using ammonia, which means that the resulting bio-oils are not acidic and can be processed more easily.

Another, still little-used way to win fuels, is the deliberate cultivation of oil plants in steppe and semi-deserts, ie areas where traditional agriculture is not possible. Here, the physic nut (Jatropha) and Rizinusbohnen be mentioned, as are the plants only low demands on soil and water availability, so that they can be grown there without competing with other food crops.




pictured Jatrophanüsse - fuel of the future?

The targeted soil with Terra preta could help to drive increased revenues. Another advantage of using these plants would be the opportunity to secure rural livelihoods in developing countries, many, or even create new ones.

Relatively new to the narrowed winding is the so-called hydrothermal carbonization, with the b eliebige parts of plants by pressure and temperature within a few hours to petroleum-like substances and coal can be converted, a process for which the nature millions need of years. The Beschreibng Verfahfrens this is the subject of our next article.

questions and suggestions will be answered under our email address terrapreta@web.de

Working Group Terra preta in the group of energy and environment