Canned Chicken Broth Expire

Terra preta - solving the climate problem?

Terra preta "is certainly a term that - as yet largely unknown - will be familiar to many people in a short time. The mere translation from the Portuguese "Black Earth" is already an indication of what it could go, but we want to go back a little further in order to shed light on the whole.


records of the English conquistadors in the 16th Century through its expansion into the Amazon region threw at the historians have always been many questions. There, that is reported by a huge number of Indians to which the conqueror will be met in the jungle. The problem lies in the question, as so many people would be able to feed. As is known, the Amazon rain forest is actually very barren because the soil consists of a nutrient-poor, so-called Oxisol. Rodet to the forest and creates the fields, they must be exhausted after a few years and you have to clear a new piece of forest to agriculture can continue to operate.


There was thus a contradiction between the otherwise reasonably credible reports of the conqueror and the experience of today. Archaeologists were able to finally solve the mystery. They kicked in the Amazon region actually the remains of numerous and sometimes large settlements, high population density occupied. The reports seemed so agree. But what about the food, because so many people could not be fed solely by collecting wild fruits and hunting of animals?


The answer to this question was obtained than is the environment of the settlements studied in detail. There they came upon a very dark ground, which looked completely different, rather than the normal reddish forest floor and the surroundings of the settlements covered in a depth of up to two meters. This soil had to have been created specifically by the Indians, because it contained large quantities of fired clay fragments that could not have come naturally from there. A chemical analysis revealed then final clarity: most striking feature of this soil is the high content of charcoal. Next door you can fish waste and sewage residues. The charcoal colored soil dark, where he got his name: Terra preta .





growth experiments with this soil showed very quickly a surprisingly high fertility. Compared to the normal forest floor showed a much higher crop yield (up to ten times!) And it was observed no leaching of nutrients.


The reasons for this are relatively easy to accomplish: charcoal has to mineral soil and humus is a greatly enlarged Surface, which can be up to 800 square meters per gram. The manufacturing process (which we discuss later in detail) from vegetable source material are in fact very many channels and pores, which increase the surface of the coal. In the pores can be both water and plant nutrients are stored. They also form an ideal breeding ground for bacteria in the soil which are essential according to recent findings for healthy plant growth.


moisture and nutrients are then released slowly and by the activation of soil life, the availability to the plants improved. The interactions between soil bacteria and the root network of plants are the way, are poorly understood. We only know that they have a tremendous importance for the growth of the plants have. There is still much room for further research!

by the deliberate introduction of fish waste (phosphorus) and fecal (nitrogen and minerals), then the Indians have a nearly ideal substrate for growing food crops created. This explains how it was possible to feed on an otherwise relatively barren soil, a large number of people.

addition to the positive effects on plant growth Terra preta offers yet another advantage of the first perhaps even outweighs by far: carbon storage, often under the technical term "sequestration" discussed. Terra preta is in fact some 2000-4000 years old. Nevertheless, the carbon content is still high. Obviously, the carbon can then several thousand years are stored.


What options here and can give the significance of this aspect in your environment, we will discuss in the next episodes of this series of articles.


to questions and comments will be glad to reply to our email address:


terrapreta@web.de




Energy AG go and Environment, Working Group Terra preta

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High Level Autism And Driving

The Polish juggling with corpses

the night at 1 September 2009 marks the 70-s times the beginning of the Second World War. The staged attack on the German radio station in Gliwice was used by Hitler as a pretext to attack Poland, thus unleashing the Second World War. As such, it is okay, although Poland has this date as his considered and chosen to the central memorial to the top was the worst disaster.

But even if 70 years have passed, the past, Poland has continued to power, because it is about the relationship of the country with its neighbors is still largely defined. The latest fashion is to heighten the Soviet occupation "of Eastern Poland on to provide the same level as the invasion of Hitler's Germany and stylize the second world war to a battle of two relating to similar totalitarian systems. And from today's Russians are expected to accept this view, with repentance and apologize. That Russia is a different view of the beginning and the essence is the Second World War is regarded in Poland as evidence of Russian malignancy. What really happened

in September 1939 and what was the history? On 23 August 1939 signed the Foreign Ministers of the German Reich and the Soviet Union, Ribbentropp and Molotov, a non-aggression pact, of Poland today, as a condition for the beginning of the Second World War and as a central Evidence of Soviet responsibility is seen. However, to interpret it as a condition is simply wrong because the invasion of Poland before Hitler had in any case. Related documents show that this was originally scheduled even March 1939, before he was moved. This means that if someone other than Nazi Germany ever pay the debt at the beginning of the war, then these are probably the Western Allies with your policy of appeasement at Munich in 1938, which increased Hitler's appetite and his belief in the impunity even further.

same time, it was the Soviet Union, which fought previously in the English civil war against Hitler's legions, and an alliance with looked "Western democracies" against fascism, alienated. The hope of a common struggle front against Hitler was destroyed. Excluded and set on their own, they had to go well as we can take care of their safety. Shortly before the outbreak of war inevitable, they responded with the conclusion of a nonaggression pact that gave her at least some time and hope to be able to redirect the war in the direction of those who previously tried the same with the Soviet Union. What

but with the occupation "of Eastern Poland by the Soviet Union on 17 September 1939? These falsely so designated, it is historically and demographically East Slavic territories, which Poland in 1920 appropriated a war of aggression against the bürgerkriegszerrissene Soviet Russia to revive its old empire "from sea to sea". There, in the following years a repressive and chauvinistic Polonisierungspolitik was performed, which struck back in 1942-44 on the Poles in the form of bitter revenge in western Ukraine. On the massacre of Poles in Volhynia and Galicia, we will later elaborate upon. Regardless of whether the occupation of these regions by the Soviet Union was lawful, this shows that Poland's claim to see these areas was at least as morally contentious. With the annexation of Eastern Poland, the Soviet Union also secured an additional spatial Buffer that would otherwise have taken Hitler's Germany. In autumn 1941 had these Vorsprug in Operation Barbarossa, the crucial difference for the faster capture of Moscow can be, which would have made the whole course of the Second World War, probably on the head. Even the regular Polish-sounding argument without the "stab in the back" by the Soviet Union would go on the Polish resistance and can be possibly successful, is considered by military historians as absurd. Moreover, the Polish government has sold to before the Soviet invasion of Romania and leave the troops still fighting their own destiny. For lament about the collapse of Poland were also more likely Great Britain and France, the intended recipient, since it except for a formal declaration of war only a cowardly phony war existence brought with occasional leaflets dropped on German cities. Only they were there, the Poles had a strong commitment to its allies might still be able to save before the total crash. But then led everyone just be selfish dirty little games.

will Finally be also more generally the representation of Poles questioned as a poor victim. Reluctant to remember the Poles because they have mitgemischt in poker before the Second World War active. They have the destruction of Czechoslovakia in 1938 in collusion with Hitler annexed part of the country, the Teschen area. That they may have in fact shown us exactly what they are now the others want to see pilloried. If Poland at that time, full of national self-pride, eigelassen willing to have a game in which the strong eat the weak, it should not complain when it was eaten in accordance with the times and the global context itself. In addition, more and more documents come to the fore, the Poles attest general tests in the 30s, to ingratiate himself with Hitler and to arrange a joint response to the Soviet Union. Polish Marshal Edward Rydz-Smigly dreamed yes openly of a Polish-German victory parade in Red Square. The Russian archives have announced plans to publish a series of documents that demonstrate this ultimately unsuccessful Polish initiative.

complains in every corner of Poland's victims and wants to see all around it regularly scatter ashes on his head. Although Poland during World War II actually suffered many casualties, but on this issue today can not overlook a certain amount of hypocrisy on the part of Poland. Katyn, a village near Smolensk, where in 1940 some 20 thousand Polish officers were executed by the Soviet intelligence was hyped in Poland to a national epic, with expensive Films, publications, discussions, and high attention in school. It is the cornerstone of the anti-Russian stance, the proof of the viciousness of the Russians (mind you, not the Georgians, Jews, Poland, in the chain of command of the NKVD played a large role).

Interesting findings bring the view of the extra-World War II portal dedicated to the Gazeta Wyborcza . Relations with Russians, Germans, Jews and Ukrainians, there are whole categories of articles devoted. Most of the fat gets away Russia, for historical crimes and for the current intransigence. Germany is also gone bad, for his "arrogance" and "superiority complex". Only with the Ukrainians dominate positive news: "Polish-Ukrainian reconciliation" is there, or "We must not be hostages of that conflict." What is meant is that Ukrainian massacre of the Poles during the German occupation. were

From 1942 to 1944 by the so-called Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in Western Ukraine up to 100 thousand Polish civilians, mostly women, children and old people for the most part brutally murdered ( above example, killed Polish children near Lutsk, one with a slit Abdominal ). The ethnic cleansing are well documented, under this link example, one can see photos of the so-called Wolhynienmassakers ( respect, terrible pictures! ). But in contrast to the highly stylized Katyn loaded all the Polish-Ukrainian relations as not so good. President Kaczynski and President Yushchenko, both known for strong Russophobia lie in the arms and devise various joint projects to "weakening" of Russia, whether economically or politically still so inconsistent.

This idyll is not at all disturbed by the fact that nationalist Yushchenko home UPA veterans who were to some extent in SS units praises as heroes and Medals awarded to you. Here is very obvious, such as Poland juggles with its past and its victims when it comes to current political expediency. To get the stramme anti-Russian axis, the far larger (and thereby civilian) victims are hidden. Such hypocritical attitudes should consider all those who apply for the Polish victims orchestrated rhetoric too open hearing.

Although the Russian-Polish history is difficult, it is thanks to the end, only the Soviet soldiers that Poland today is not only culturally but is simply too physically existent. Because for Poland under the Nazis was a fate provided that differs only slightly from the Jewish. The Poles had to be decimated by the will of the Nazis and vesklavt destroyed their culture and elite, even simple education should be denied them. That they are not working as forced biomass or fertilizer ended, but as more Poles lived and multiplied, dominates the 40-year economic plan ineffective and clipped political rights in the People's Republic of Poland, by far. The rescue of the Polish nation as such compensates Katyn and other problematic points in the history for ever by far. But it is the nation whose balance should apply at the poles than the bottom line is most positive of all, today declared a main enemy and main target of the propaganda and distortion of history.