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Terra Preta - solving the climate problem? - Part 4

Having in the previous edition the ELK-sheet already very inefficient, traditional charring, and a cooking stove, which allows a secondary air injection is an incomplete combustion (Anila Stove), should have presented today a further Technique to be explained: The pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is understood in principle, the decomposition of organic materials by heat. If you pyrolyzed biomass, wood and plant parts produced mainly charcoal and a number of gaseous substances, with less heat next to the coal and liquid and tar-like materials (wood vinegar, wood tar).

interests us here, however, primarily the production of wood or biochar, so we describe the pyrolysis at higher temperatures.

purpose, the dried biomass (wood, plant parts as well as manure, such as dried chicken manure) in a reactor of air to about 800 ° C heated. By these temperatures, the long-chain carbon compounds of the organic material are broken. This results in pyrolysis and additional heat energy is released, which can be used. The heat can be derived and the very high-energy pyrolysis gases can be burned thanks to modern technology and very low emissions in addition to the heat used to generate electricity. For this, the pyrolysis gases can be cleaned and then an internal combustion engine can be fed, which drives a generator to produce electricity. The waste heat of the engine can be used for heating purposes.

methane, which acts as a greenhouse gas 23 times stronger than carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide (See previous article in ELK) do not arise in this type of manufacture. After completion of the pyrolysis have been obtained in addition to the electricity generated up to 40% of the initial biomass of Biochar (Bioholzkohle). A first pilot project of this Technique is the PYREG reactor in Ingelheim, Germany (see Figure) which, however, dispense with a power extraction.

building "Pyreg reactor

Pyreg The method is suitable to use any form of biomass for energy. Depending on the structure of the particular reactor and the temperature control either the total biomass is converted to gaseous substances or it is carbonized only part and there is a backlog of pyrolysis (see diagram):

Meanwhile, a small number of companies this subject was adopted and tested in different design units, the implementation of the biomass. Da Terra preta is fairly new to the discussion is limited, the majority of procedures in the production of pyrolysis gas. We assume, however, that this will change in the near future and maybe we can contribute a little to ask for by the companies and Sun to signal that an interest for the production of biochar is the Terra preta.

What are the topic so interesting is the fact that so far there is little reliable information as to what effect the terra preta soils in the home unfolds. So there must be researched much. Since we are now part of the University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences has been contacted, perhaps, for us the possibility of a small modest contribution to make to this research. First opportunities for cooperation, we have already explored. Maybe we can take account first of the Regional Garden Show Present results.

In the next article we will deal with the subject "Hydrothermal Carbonization" closer.

Interested parties can still submit a plan of the furnace "Anila Stove" from the previous edition by email request from us. The previous articles and other information can be found on our web-blog: www.terra-preta-nova.blogspot.com

to questions and suggestions, we like to answer under our

E-mail address: terrapreta@web.de

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Terra preta - solving the climate problem? Part 3

was traditionally and is Charcoal kilns produced in so-called. This is to char the material - usually wood, there may be other plant materials are used - piled on the ground floor in a heap, where they can be in the middle of a vertical opening. The pile is then covered with straw and then ground. (See illustration)

Now the interior of the pile is ignited by giving some red-hot charcoal into the vertical opening and closes it. The wood starts to smolder, ie, it decomposes in the heat, and it gives off flammable gases. Since the covering can penetrate a little air, the fire goes out and not in the course of several days - depending on the size of the pile - the entire carbonized material. What is left is charcoal, which is about one-third to more than half of its weight of the original wood.

This method is practically used in industrial countries, only to preserve tradition. In the developing and emerging countries, it is still a daily practice, since there charcoal used for many purposes, but is mainly used for cooking. This type of charcoal production, however, has at least one serious disadvantage: not very well controlled charring of the biomass is very free of noxious gases. There are Large amounts of dust, harmful fumes that can lead to sometimes fatal respiratory disease, but also the gas methane, which has over Kohldioxid (CO2) is 23 times stronger greenhouse effect. Moreover, the energy that is released in this process, wasted.

So if you think about it, to win charcoal in large quantities, such as the manufacture of terra preta, separates the kiln process in principle. Is needed are techniques that avoid the release of pollutants and may allow more energy use. Here are three different methods are used, one with even relatively little effort can be implemented: first

Cooking stoves, which allow secondary air to an incomplete combustion.

second Technical pyrolysis

third Hydrothermal carbonization.

In this article we restrict ourselves to the first procedure and the other two describe in the next few articles.

As mentioned above, are cooked in large parts of the world with wood or charcoal. This happens very often on simple fire places, which have only a low efficiency, ie, much of the heat that they actually intended to use for cooking is lost due to inadequate fire pits. In the simplest Case, these are a few stones, which is placed around a small basin, and where the pot is turned off. is simple, built of clay "ovens" are the next level, but are still very inefficient. This will also mean that is used to prepare the necessary hot meals a lot more wood or charcoal, as is actually necessary. Kocher, who work with petroleum, constitute no alternative, because this part of the global population of this fuel is much too expensive, aside from the petroleum than fossil fuel in the long run anyway can not be a solution, because its combustion to global warming.

In recent times, therefore, many efforts have been made to develop suitable ovens with which one can extract out of cooking and charcoal, both in the developing countries themselves, as well as engineers in developed countries. With the variety of different types, one could already fill a book, so we will restrict ourselves only to a model. The illustrated furnace is Anila-Stove and is mainly used in Asia

Full Sew In With Straight Bangs

Terra preta - solving the climate problem? Part 2

In the first part of our series, we have Terra preta presented as a way to enrich the soil to improve plant growth with carbon. As studies have shown is that this Carbon for thousands of years in the soil. Because Terra preta but is made exclusively from plant material, offers the possiblity of the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2) to escape permanently. Because the plants absorb CO2 during their growth phase from the air and convert it to plant your own carbon compounds. When preparing now from the plants Terra preta, the carbon is permanently fixed in the ground.

For some time discussing what options there are for climate protection CO2 in the atmosphere to be reduced. This CO2 is well known in the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. It is therefore the carbon Soil removed and placed in the form of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere where it affects climate by causing a gas to global warming substantially. Since much of this carbon dioxide in coal-fired power stations does one has thought about whether it is possible, just to separate the carbon dioxide at the power station chimney. You should then be stored in liquid form in the former gas reservoirs or salt caverns. This method has several serious drawbacks: first

The process is very energy-consuming and increases the use of coal for the same amount of electricity by 30-40 percent.
second Every year in Germany alone would have stored several hundred million tonnes of CO2 in liquid form be.
third Because of storage power plant and usually are not identical, large amounts of liquid carbon dioxide to be transported over long distances. The result is a threat to the population because a higher concentration of CO2 is a respiratory poison.
4th In any case, one could detect with this method, only a small part of total emissions, for example because it is not possible to neutralize the CO2 emissions by millions of cars and home heating.
5th It is also still entirely unclear whether it can succeed at all this CO2 to be stored for long periods of time underground.

Figure 1 storage of CO2 underground
Terra preta contrast, seems to be suitable to get this problem under control permanently. Nevertheless, you should have no illusions that this method could solve all our problems in the energy sector, because the soil is limited receptive to carbon.

To this the example of the old circle to illustrate Witt Location:
every citizen in Germany is responsible for about 10 tonnes of CO2 emissions a year, equivalent to almost 3 tons of pure carbon (because 27% of the mass of carbon dioxide, carbon)
would So alone Former district in Wittlage about 120,000 tons of carbon per Year, or about 500 tons per day, are applied to the fields to compensate for the emissions.

Bioholzkohle Figure 2 is decoupled from the circuit

why should we, despite this possibility in our efforts to renewable energy sources continues. On the other hand, it is of course only because of the positive effects of terra preta useful on soil fertility, to take that route.
It is therefore the object of an appropriate infrastructure for the production and distribution of the terra preta in the build Altkreis Wittlage. Therefore we will in the coming weeks to designated contact include professionals and interested people who can approach us with this task. We will inform the reader of the ELK informed of our progress and continue to communicate facts about the benefits of the terra preta in this way.

In the next issue, we go closer to the technology of charcoal production.

to questions and suggestions, we like to answer under our

e-mail address: Read terrapreta@web.de

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Terra preta - solving the climate problem?

Terra preta "is certainly a term that - as yet largely unknown - will be familiar to many people in a short time. The mere translation from the Portuguese "Black Earth" is already an indication of what it could go, but we want to go back a little further in order to shed light on the whole.


records of the English conquistadors in the 16th Century through its expansion into the Amazon region threw at the historians have always been many questions. There, that is reported by a huge number of Indians to which the conqueror will be met in the jungle. The problem lies in the question, as so many people would be able to feed. As is known, the Amazon rain forest is actually very barren because the soil consists of a nutrient-poor, so-called Oxisol. Rodet to the forest and creates the fields, they must be exhausted after a few years and you have to clear a new piece of forest to agriculture can continue to operate.


There was thus a contradiction between the otherwise reasonably credible reports of the conqueror and the experience of today. Archaeologists were able to finally solve the mystery. They kicked in the Amazon region actually the remains of numerous and sometimes large settlements, high population density occupied. The reports seemed so agree. But what about the food, because so many people could not be fed solely by collecting wild fruits and hunting of animals?


The answer to this question was obtained than is the environment of the settlements studied in detail. There they came upon a very dark ground, which looked completely different, rather than the normal reddish forest floor and the surroundings of the settlements covered in a depth of up to two meters. This soil had to have been created specifically by the Indians, because it contained large quantities of fired clay fragments that could not have come naturally from there. A chemical analysis revealed then final clarity: most striking feature of this soil is the high content of charcoal. Next door you can fish waste and sewage residues. The charcoal colored soil dark, where he got his name: Terra preta .





growth experiments with this soil showed very quickly a surprisingly high fertility. Compared to the normal forest floor showed a much higher crop yield (up to ten times!) And it was observed no leaching of nutrients.


The reasons for this are relatively easy to accomplish: charcoal has to mineral soil and humus is a greatly enlarged Surface, which can be up to 800 square meters per gram. The manufacturing process (which we discuss later in detail) from vegetable source material are in fact very many channels and pores, which increase the surface of the coal. In the pores can be both water and plant nutrients are stored. They also form an ideal breeding ground for bacteria in the soil which are essential according to recent findings for healthy plant growth.


moisture and nutrients are then released slowly and by the activation of soil life, the availability to the plants improved. The interactions between soil bacteria and the root network of plants are the way, are poorly understood. We only know that they have a tremendous importance for the growth of the plants have. There is still much room for further research!

by the deliberate introduction of fish waste (phosphorus) and fecal (nitrogen and minerals), then the Indians have a nearly ideal substrate for growing food crops created. This explains how it was possible to feed on an otherwise relatively barren soil, a large number of people.

addition to the positive effects on plant growth Terra preta offers yet another advantage of the first perhaps even outweighs by far: carbon storage, often under the technical term "sequestration" discussed. Terra preta is in fact some 2000-4000 years old. Nevertheless, the carbon content is still high. Obviously, the carbon can then several thousand years are stored.


What options here and can give the significance of this aspect in your environment, we will discuss in the next episodes of this series of articles.


to questions and comments will be glad to reply to our email address:


terrapreta@web.de




Energy AG go and Environment, Working Group Terra preta

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